-
Similar Topics
-
By Counterman
Toyota made a name for itself in America by thinking small. At a time when American automakers were still clinging to V8 power, Toyota was quietly producing fuel-efficient compact cars and trucks powered by inline-fours. Beginning with the R series engine in the 1958 Toyopet Crown, the Japanese automaker would offer US drivers inline engines for the next 30 years before introducing its first V6 in the 1988 Camry. The VZ series sixes were soon followed by the first UZ series V8 with the debut of the 1990 Lexus LS400.
These early Toyota engine “families” are further identified by an alphanumeric code indicating the block’s generation, the engine family or series, and major features like fuel injection, turbocharging and valve angle. The leading number or numbers is a sequential accounting of each generation, followed by a letter (or pair of letters) assigned to the family, and finally, a suffix to highlight those variations in features. These family codes do not directly signify displacement, only the basic architecture of the block.
Over its 40-year run, the “R series” went through 22 generations, with the “final boss” being the ubiquitous 2.4L known as the 22R-E. Powering thousands of compact Hilux trucks and 4Runners along the way, it is still one of Toyota’s most beloved engines from the era. It was finally replaced by the RZ series in 1995, after the introduction of the Tacoma and T100 platforms. The 2RZ-FE was a 2.4L used in 4×2 Tacomas, while the larger 2.7L 3RZ-FE found a home under the hoods of 4×4 Tacomas, 4Runners and the midsize T100.
Toyota had helped popularize the compact pickup in America, but it soon found itself growing toward the lucrative full-size market. Thanks to a 3.4L 5VZ-FE engine available in the Tacoma and T100, Toyota finally had a V6 to help it move toward creating its biggest truck yet… the 2000 Tundra. This platform would be in direct competition with The Big Three, and required an optional V8 to compete effectively.
Using the aluminum Lexus 1UZ-FE engine as a starting point, the cast-iron 2UZ-FE was developed in Alabama specifically for the American market. At 4.7L, the four-cam, 32-valve engine proved capable, but was soon replaced by the UR series in two phases. The aluminum 5.7L 3UR-FE debuted in 2007, and remains the largest displacement Toyota V8 ever produced. By 2010, the smaller 4.6L 1UR-FE block had replaced the last of the UZ family engines. The 1GR-FE, a 4.0L V6, soldiered on between 2004-2015 as the “in-between” engine shared by both Tacoma and Tundra.
2021 would see the end of Toyota’s “growth” in the truck market. With the 2022 model year, the V8 quietly disappeared, leaving Toyota with a series of 4 and 6 cylinder engines featuring their “Dynamic Force” engine technologies. These turbocharged “I-FORCE” engines are (once again) a 2.4L in the Tacoma and a 3.4L in the Tundra, with hybrid versions of each engine receiving an “I-FORCE MAX” designation.
Thirty years on from the first Tacoma (and 20 since the Tundra), Toyota has returned to its beginnings. With small displacements, big efficiencies and a reputation for building reliable vehicles on a global scale, Toyota is still Moving Forward.
The post
link hidden, please login to view appeared first on link hidden, please login to view.
link hidden, please login to view -
By Counterman
Toyota made a name for itself in America by thinking small. At a time when American automakers were still clinging to V8 power, Toyota was quietly producing fuel-efficient compact cars and trucks powered by inline-fours. Beginning with the R series engine in the 1958 Toyopet Crown, the Japanese automaker would offer US drivers inline engines for the next 30 years before introducing its first V6 in the 1988 Camry. The VZ series sixes were soon followed by the first UZ series V8 with the debut of the 1990 Lexus LS400.
These early Toyota engine “families” are further identified by an alphanumeric code indicating the block’s generation, the engine family or series, and major features like fuel injection, turbocharging and valve angle. The leading number or numbers is a sequential accounting of each generation, followed by a letter (or pair of letters) assigned to the family, and finally, a suffix to highlight those variations in features. These family codes do not directly signify displacement, only the basic architecture of the block.
Over its 40-year run, the “R series” went through 22 generations, with the “final boss” being the ubiquitous 2.4L known as the 22R-E. Powering thousands of compact Hilux trucks and 4Runners along the way, it is still one of Toyota’s most beloved engines from the era. It was finally replaced by the RZ series in 1995, after the introduction of the Tacoma and T100 platforms. The 2RZ-FE was a 2.4L used in 4×2 Tacomas, while the larger 2.7L 3RZ-FE found a home under the hoods of 4×4 Tacomas, 4Runners and the midsize T100.
Toyota had helped popularize the compact pickup in America, but it soon found itself growing toward the lucrative full-size market. Thanks to a 3.4L 5VZ-FE engine available in the Tacoma and T100, Toyota finally had a V6 to help it move toward creating its biggest truck yet… the 2000 Tundra. This platform would be in direct competition with The Big Three, and required an optional V8 to compete effectively.
Using the aluminum Lexus 1UZ-FE engine as a starting point, the cast-iron 2UZ-FE was developed in Alabama specifically for the American market. At 4.7L, the four-cam, 32-valve engine proved capable, but was soon replaced by the UR series in two phases. The aluminum 5.7L 3UR-FE debuted in 2007, and remains the largest displacement Toyota V8 ever produced. By 2010, the smaller 4.6L 1UR-FE block had replaced the last of the UZ family engines. The 1GR-FE, a 4.0L V6, soldiered on between 2004-2015 as the “in-between” engine shared by both Tacoma and Tundra.
2021 would see the end of Toyota’s “growth” in the truck market. With the 2022 model year, the V8 quietly disappeared, leaving Toyota with a series of 4 and 6 cylinder engines featuring their “Dynamic Force” engine technologies. These turbocharged “I-FORCE” engines are (once again) a 2.4L in the Tacoma and a 3.4L in the Tundra, with hybrid versions of each engine receiving an “I-FORCE MAX” designation.
Thirty years on from the first Tacoma (and 20 since the Tundra), Toyota has returned to its beginnings. With small displacements, big efficiencies and a reputation for building reliable vehicles on a global scale, Toyota is still Moving Forward.
The post
link hidden, please login to view appeared first on link hidden, please login to view.
link hidden, please login to view -
-
By Counterman
Electric power steering systems have gained widespread popularity in the U.S. since their introduction in 1990, primarily due to the increasing number of hybrid and electric vehicles in today’s market. Like any new(er) technology, each manufacturer has a slightly different method of achieving the same goal, in this case effortless power steering assist, and some are better suited than others for certain applications.
The first (but never fully-realized in production) was an electro-hydraulic system intended for the 1989 Pontiac Fiero. When GM decided that 1988 would be the last year for the Fiero, the system was shelved for later use in its short-lived EV-1 battery electric vehicle. Electro-hydraulic power steering (EHPS) is itself a sort of hybrid, with an electric motor-driven hydraulic pump replacing the belt-driven unit common to “traditional” power steering systems, but retaining the familiar hydraulic rack and pinion assembly, the associated hoses and hard lines, and often a system-specific hydraulic fluid. Found across a wide variety of marques, EHPS remains relevant today as we find ourselves transitioning between ICE, hybrid and BEV technologies.
Fully-electric power steering systems use DC motors rather than hydraulic pressure to provide the assistive force required to turn the wheels. Electric motors are long-wearing and quiet, eliminating the squeals and groans common to hydraulic systems, and the power losses associated with belt-driven accessories. These features make them an ideal choice for luxury cars as well as those quiet-running BEVs and hybrids. When compared to hydraulic systems, EPS also represents a weight reduction, adding to vehicle efficiency. Current EPS designs fall into three general categories, based upon the location of the assist motor(s).
C-EPS, or “column assist” systems are commonly found in compact vehicles. The motor, sensors and other electronics are integrated into the upper steering column assembly. This location maximizes underhood space, with the bulk of the assembly hidden below the dashboard, and still allows for integration with ADAS features like self-parking, lane assist, handsfree and self-driving technologies. This system is the only one of the three EPS designs that does not attach to or integrate with the rack and pinion. With no plumbing or wiring, the C-EPS rack unit is effectively a manual steering gear.
R-EPS, also known as “rack assist” systems feature assist motors integrated into or attached in parallel to the rack body. A recirculating ball gear and toothed rubber belt convert the assist motor’s rotation into a linear (side-to side) motion. Capable of high applied force, this “parallel axis” design is used primarily in light trucks, SUVs and other vehicles where extra steering effort is required. The rubber belt is a common failure point for this type of rack, but repair kits are widely available for many domestic applications, and offer substantial savings when compared to the cost of a complete steering gear.
The last category is the “pinion-assist” or P-EPS system. Single-pinion designs locate a relatively large assist motor at the lower end of the steering column, and force is applied directly to the pinion gear at the input shaft. Due to space and safety considerations, many manufacturers have eliminated this system in favor of a dual-pinion setup. The input pinion gear connects to the column, but the assist motor drives a second pinion gear at the opposite end of the rack, isolating the motor from the column, and resulting in improved steering feel. Limited mostly to mid-size cars, P-EPS is not powerful enough for use in heavy vehicles and most light trucks.
Vehicle electrification will continue to drive future EPS technologies, but existing ICE vehicles have already proven the advantages of these systems across multiple platforms. The progression from manual to hydraulic to electric power steering systems leaves us on the verge of the next technology, known as “steer by wire.” Just as “throttle by wire” has largely replaced the accelerator cable with a pedal position sensor, engineers are removing the physical linkage between the steering wheel and the steering gear. Steering angle sensors, torque sensors and vehicle speed sensors contribute information to the steering module, which determines the amount of assist required under different driving conditions. This data is sent to actuators in the rack unit that perform the commanded steering functions. Once the realm of science fiction, SBW can now be found in the Infiniti Q60, the Lexus RZ and the Tesla Cybertruck.
The post
link hidden, please login to view appeared first on link hidden, please login to view.
link hidden, please login to view -
-
By Counterman
Electric power steering systems have gained widespread popularity in the U.S. since their introduction in 1990, primarily due to the increasing number of hybrid and electric vehicles in today’s market. Like any new(er) technology, each manufacturer has a slightly different method of achieving the same goal, in this case effortless power steering assist, and some are better suited than others for certain applications.
The first (but never fully-realized in production) was an electro-hydraulic system intended for the 1989 Pontiac Fiero. When GM decided that 1988 would be the last year for the Fiero, the system was shelved for later use in its short-lived EV-1 battery electric vehicle. Electro-hydraulic power steering (EHPS) is itself a sort of hybrid, with an electric motor-driven hydraulic pump replacing the belt-driven unit common to “traditional” power steering systems, but retaining the familiar hydraulic rack and pinion assembly, the associated hoses and hard lines, and often a system-specific hydraulic fluid. Found across a wide variety of marques, EHPS remains relevant today as we find ourselves transitioning between ICE, hybrid and BEV technologies.
Fully-electric power steering systems use DC motors rather than hydraulic pressure to provide the assistive force required to turn the wheels. Electric motors are long-wearing and quiet, eliminating the squeals and groans common to hydraulic systems, and the power losses associated with belt-driven accessories. These features make them an ideal choice for luxury cars as well as those quiet-running BEVs and hybrids. When compared to hydraulic systems, EPS also represents a weight reduction, adding to vehicle efficiency. Current EPS designs fall into three general categories, based upon the location of the assist motor(s).
C-EPS, or “column assist” systems are commonly found in compact vehicles. The motor, sensors and other electronics are integrated into the upper steering column assembly. This location maximizes underhood space, with the bulk of the assembly hidden below the dashboard, and still allows for integration with ADAS features like self-parking, lane assist, handsfree and self-driving technologies. This system is the only one of the three EPS designs that does not attach to or integrate with the rack and pinion. With no plumbing or wiring, the C-EPS rack unit is effectively a manual steering gear.
R-EPS, also known as “rack assist” systems feature assist motors integrated into or attached in parallel to the rack body. A recirculating ball gear and toothed rubber belt convert the assist motor’s rotation into a linear (side-to side) motion. Capable of high applied force, this “parallel axis” design is used primarily in light trucks, SUVs and other vehicles where extra steering effort is required. The rubber belt is a common failure point for this type of rack, but repair kits are widely available for many domestic applications, and offer substantial savings when compared to the cost of a complete steering gear.
The last category is the “pinion-assist” or P-EPS system. Single-pinion designs locate a relatively large assist motor at the lower end of the steering column, and force is applied directly to the pinion gear at the input shaft. Due to space and safety considerations, many manufacturers have eliminated this system in favor of a dual-pinion setup. The input pinion gear connects to the column, but the assist motor drives a second pinion gear at the opposite end of the rack, isolating the motor from the column, and resulting in improved steering feel. Limited mostly to mid-size cars, P-EPS is not powerful enough for use in heavy vehicles and most light trucks.
Vehicle electrification will continue to drive future EPS technologies, but existing ICE vehicles have already proven the advantages of these systems across multiple platforms. The progression from manual to hydraulic to electric power steering systems leaves us on the verge of the next technology, known as “steer by wire.” Just as “throttle by wire” has largely replaced the accelerator cable with a pedal position sensor, engineers are removing the physical linkage between the steering wheel and the steering gear. Steering angle sensors, torque sensors and vehicle speed sensors contribute information to the steering module, which determines the amount of assist required under different driving conditions. This data is sent to actuators in the rack unit that perform the commanded steering functions. Once the realm of science fiction, SBW can now be found in the Infiniti Q60, the Lexus RZ and the Tesla Cybertruck.
The post
link hidden, please login to view appeared first on link hidden, please login to view.
link hidden, please login to view
-
Recommended Posts
Join the conversation
You can post now and register later. If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.
Note: Your post will require moderator approval before it will be visible.